What is the code for handrails in Canada?

Edited by: Viewmate All Glass Railing

In Canada, handrail and guardrail regulations are primarily governed by the National Building Code (NBC). However, provinces such as Ontario (OBC) and BC (BCBC) have their own specific variations.

1. Height Requirements

Stairways: Handrails must be between 865mm (34″) and 1070mm (42″) when measured vertically from the leading edge of the stair tread (stair nosing).

Guards (Balconies/Landings): If the handrail also functions as a guard (e.g., on a balcony), it must be at least 1070mm (42″) high when the drop is more than 600mm (24″).

2. Graspability

The rail must be “graspable” to offer a secure grip in case of a fall.

Circular Rails: The outside diameter should be between 30mm and 43mm (OBC specifies 30mm–50mm).

Non – Circular Rails: They must have a perimeter between 100mm and 155mm, with a maximum cross – section dimension of 57mm.

Clearance: There must be a minimum of 50mm (2″) clearance between the handrail and the wall/glass to enable fingers to pass through freely.

3. Continuity and Termination

Continuity: Handrails must be continuous for the entire length of the stair run. On wide stairs (over 1100mm), handrails may be required on both sides.

Termination: Ends must be returned to the wall or a post. This prevents clothing or bags from getting snagged on the rail, which could lead to a fall.

4. Load & Structural Strength

Canada’s NBC is extremely strict regarding safety loads:

Handrails and guards must withstand a concentrated load of 1.0 kN (approx. 225 lbs) applied in any direction at any point.

For glass systems, tempered or laminated safety glass that meets CAN/CGSB standards must be used.

5. The “Ladder Effect” (Guardrails)

For many years, Canada prohibited “climbable” (horizontal) railings. Although the 2015/2020 NBC has relaxed this slightly for some residential applications, many local inspectors still enforce the non – climbable rule. To be on the safe side, ensure your design does not allow a child to climb the railing like a ladder.

Verdict: Always consult your local municipal building department before ordering materials. While the NBC provides the framework, local inspectors have the final say on “occupancy permits.”